Dr Hendrik Hansen
South African veterinarians are at the forefront of innovation, driving the development of science-based solutions to address uniquely African conservation challenges. The veterinary team at Embryo Plus has demonstrated this leadership through groundbreaking work in White Rhino conservation, applying advanced reproductive technologies and veterinary protocols to strengthen population growth and long-term survival of this iconic species. At a time when the Southern White Rhino population faces critical threats from poaching and habitat loss, and when optimal reproduction is essential for survival, veterinary innovation has become a cornerstone of conservation. Below are key projects and protocols developed by this team, all of which are already making a tangible contribution to rhino and broader wildlife conservation.
1. Advanced Reproductive Technologies (ART): In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) and Ovum Pick-Up (OPU)
Over a 7-year research program and more than 300 procedures, Embryo Plus developed reliable techniques and purpose-built equipment for oocyte collection from anaesthetised White Rhino cows.
• ICSI & IVF: Oocytes are fertilised using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) at Embryo Plus’ IVF laboratory in Brits, South Africa, followed by incubation in specialised IVF systems.
• Scientific Value: These innovations enable applications across other endangered species, opening possibilities for genetic rescue and advanced reproductive management worldwide.
• Global Relevance: The protocols and expertise developed in rhinos can be transferred to other rare wildlife species facing reproductive bottlenecks.
2. Pregnancy Diagnosis and Term Prediction
Accurate pregnancy diagnosis is vital for translocation and breeding programs due to the rhino’s long gestation (16 months).
• Risk Reduction: Prevents calving in holding bomas or transport crates, a major cause of calf and cow losses.
• Technology Used: Transrectal ultrasound provides far more reliable results than traditional blood progesterone tests.
• Management Impact: Enables safe translocation, better population planning, and early detection of reproductive pathologies.
3. Treatment of Non-Cyclic and Infertile Rhino Cows
A significant number of White Rhino cows suffer from cystic ovarian conditions, leading to prolonged inter-calving intervals and reduced population growth.
• Diagnostic Innovation: Ultrasound allows accurate identification of ovarian and uterine pathology.
• Therapeutic Protocol: OPU (Ovum Pick-Up) is used not only for IVF but also as a treatment procedure, aspirating cysts and stimulating new cycles.
• Impact: Increases reproductive efficiency in both wild and intensive populations, addressing one of the major hidden threats to rhino population recovery.
4. Stimulation of Reproductive Cycles in Post-Puberty Heifers
In captive or orphaned populations, young females often fail to initiate cycles due to disrupted social structures.
• Veterinary Intervention: OPU stimulates dormant follicles, successfully triggering reproductive cycles.
• Results: Pregnancies achieved within 34 days postprocedure; subsequent natural breeding cycles continue without further intervention.
• Population Benefit: These interventions have already resulted in multiple live calves, increasing conservation success.
5. Semen Collection, Freezing, and Genetic Banking
Embryo Plus veterinarians developed a specialised semen collection probe and freezing protocol unique to White Rhino bulls.
• Genetic Preservation: Allows cryobanking of semen from a wide genetic pool of bulls for future use.
• Breeding Soundness Exams: Subfertile bulls can be removed from breeding groups, ensuring optimal mating.
• Translocation Benefit: Positive fertility screening improves breeding success after relocation.
6. Anaesthetic Protocols for Safe Immobilisation
The demands of long reproductive procedures required novel anaesthetic induction and maintenance protocols.
• Innovation: Development of concentrated butorphanol and fentanyl formulations, enabling reliable dosing via 2 ml darts.
• Impact: Increased safety and effectiveness of immobilisation during lengthy procedures such as OPU, translocation, and dehorning.
• Conservation Utility: These drug protocols can be applied more widely across rhino management operations.
Conclusion
The contribution of veterinary science, and specifically the work of Embryo Plus veterinarians, represents a transformational step in rhino conservation. These protocols—ranging from IVF and pregnancy diagnosis to genetic banking and safe anaesthetic techniques—address both immediate conservation needs and long-term sustainability of the species. This work is a true testimony to the dedication of South African veterinarians, whose science-driven solutions are not only helping to safeguard the Southern White Rhino but are also laying the groundwork for the conservation of endangered species worldwide.